Figure 10A shows the predation actions of a third-instar larva of C. rufifacies against a third instar of C. megacephala. In this study, these two species were colonized in the laboratory, and the main objective was to try to understand the effect of competition on larval development. For example, differences in survivorship between single- and mixed-species cultures at densities of 320 and 600 larvae/60 g medium were up to 29.5 (t = 9.06; df = 8; P < 0.01) and 34.4% (t = -15.4; df = 3; P < 0.01), respectively. Adults were CO2-knockdowned in 2 h after emergence, kept in 95% alcohol for 3 d, and then kept in an oven at 50°C for 3 d to measure their dry weights. Nonetheless, it is still quite difficult to tell into which model these two species should be classified. rufifacies, Ch. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. latifrons). 5. Fecal material was respectively obtained by collecting the mixture of artificial diet after each instar larvae have fed (rearing conditions: same as in stock colonies; rearing density: 40 larvae/60 g of medium). Whether the ecological role of C. rufifacies can be altered by different climates or geographic environments is still unknown; but in Taiwan (Chen et al. (A) Single third instar of C. rufifacies trusses the prey with its curved body and sclerotized spines, and uses its mouthhook to penetrate the prey to extract fluid. Laboratory interaction between introduced, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabr.) C. megacephala eggs take approximately 100 days to develop while the larva will take 86 days and pupa 85 days. However, we found different results in this study. Chrysomya megacephala eggs were obtained from fresh baits placed in an open area adjacent to Forensic Entomology Laboratory, Forensic Science Program, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. Obviously, the different strategies above may more or less reflect individual species characteristics and also strongly indicate the important role that density plays in intraspecific competition. Therefore, we concluded that C. megacephala (Fabricius) larvae represent a potential alternative feedstock for biodiesel production. Ye However, body sizes were relatively stable regardless of whether for single- or mixed-species rearing except for that of the late instars of C. megacephala. Attraction rates to fecal material of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies by different instars of C. megacephala, χ2 analysis of the three larval stages of C. megacephala attracted to fecal material, Attraction rates to fecal material of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies by different instars of C. rufifacies, χ2 analysis of the three larval stages of C. rufifacies attracted to fecal material. Larvae development was estimated by means of weight and length, time of adult emergence and survival rate. Predatory behavior was observed in a walk-in growth chamber under the conditions of 28°C, 80% RH, and a 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod. B. B Biol. However, with interspecific competition, the first-instar larvae of C. rufifacies invaded maggot masses of C. megacephala to feed together. X. H. This particularly reminds us that careful verification is needed when using body size of late instars C. megacephala as a PMI indicator. Hung 7A), and it was interesting to note that the developmental time was shortened in the feeding stages but prolonged in the postfeeding stages. Sci. 8), except for the third instars of C. megacephala (Fig. P. Finally, properties of the FAME were within the specifications of ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards. . “Production” index of single- and mixed-species rearing at different temperatures. Effects of different breeding densities on the duration of larval development (A), adult dry weight (B), and larval survivorship (C) under single-species rearing of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies at 28°C. For all experimental purposes, larvae were moved out from the stock colony and kept in a 250-ml plastic cup covered with cotton netting and containing 60 g of the artificial diet. Emergent adults were undersized (the adult dry weight was only 10.4% of the potential maximum value) and had reduced fecundity and longevity. . According to the results, under higher-density conditions, C. megacephala was more sensitive to density effects, especially in its responses to changing larval durations, and its body sizes were more flexible (dry weight was ≈19.5% of the potential maximum value). Larva C. megacephala dipindahkan ke dalam bekas khas, kemudiannya dimasukkan ke dalam pengeram yang telah dilaraskan suhunya kepada 27, 30, 33, 36 dan 39°C. C. megacephala prefer warm climates, and display a correlation between warmer temperatures and higher fecundity. In our studies, both species of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies also exhibited similar trends under intraspecific competition of reduced larval developmental duration, larval survivorship, and adult dry weight at higher rearing densities. So and Dudgeon (1989) have also shown that competition is an important factor influencing the structure of necrophagous dipteran communities. 2004) and other areas in the region, such as China (Zhu et al. ► Oil content in larvae was 24.40 wt% to 26.29 wt% comparing to soybean of 20 wt%. 2B). Piangjai Competition intensity here was defined as the degree of stress caused by a different species: the greater the number of individuals of the different species that is present, the higher the competition intensity it causes. Furthermore, if other species, such as C. megacephala, are present, C. rufifacies larvae tend to invade the other species’ preexisting maggot mass. 2001), larval resistance to predation (Wells and Kurahashi 1997), cannibalistic behavior (Faria et al. This work was supported by the National Science Council, Republic of China (NSC95-2422-H-002-028 and NSC 96-3113-H-002-015) and the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Republic of China (IFM90-M04 and IFM91-M02). Our advice of using developmental data in estimating PMI could be further summarized as followed: Use a mixed-species rearing to generate the reference data if possible. The third instars of C. rufifacies were able to expel C. megacephala larvae from food by using a fleshy protrusion on their body surface; C. megacephala was usually forced to pupate earlier by shortening its larval stages. This paper intends to recognize some aspects of interspecific relationships between Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) and C. albiceps (Wiedemann) and between C. megacephala and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) larvae in laboratory. As for larval survivorship, the survivorship of C. megacephala did not significantly differ between densities of 10 and 40 larvae/60 g (80.8%; F = 0.279; df = 2,12; P = 0.762) or between 80 and 320 larvae/60 g (66.4%; F = 2.232; df = 2,12; P = 0.15) but significantly dropped when the density exceeded 320 larvae/60 g. The survivorships of C. rufifacies did not significantly differ when density was <160 larvae/60 g (81.6%; F = 0.592; df = 4,20; P = 0.672). Except at a density of 40 larvae/60 g (t = -2.72; df = 8; P = 0.0262), survivorship did not differ at low rearing densities (≤160 larvae/60 g medium) between single- and mixed-species cultures. The adult dry weights stably dropped (by ≈30%) with interspecific competition at different temperatures. Therefore, the results presented here remind us when using a single-species model to generate reference data in the laboratory, intraspecific competition and larval density factors should also be taken into account to prevent a bias of age determination, especially when using body size or length as an indicator. Adults of the synanthropic form of this species (see below) are attracted to foodstuffs, human and animal faeces and carrion and have been implicated in the transmission of viruses, protozoans, enteric bacteria and … Some unclear biological characteristics are seen, such as oviposition (e.g., egg-laying delay of C. rufifacies adults in Goff 2000), feeding inhabitant (e.g., different species inhabiting different parts of the carrion; Tullis and Goff 1987, Goff et al. Competition intensities are represented as in Fig. Ten conspecific larvae of same stage (18 [first instar], 36 [second instar[rsqb, and 70 h old [third instar]) were washed with distilled water and placed in the middle of the plastic cup. We used the product of the mean adult dry weight and the mean larval survivorship as indicators for the overall fitness of these flies; the results showed that the fitness levels of both species were lower under interspecific competition than under intraspecific competition and gradually decreased as larval densities increased (Fig. Larvae of the latter can prey on other. A, C. megacephala; B, C. rufifacies. Competition intensities are represented by the number of individuals of the different species; 10, 20, and 30 are the respective numbers of individuals of the different species in each treatment of 40 larvae total. W. Y. The larval morphology of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) is presented using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fact that this species of fly has only been found in America recently but has been found in most tropic countries of the “Old World” for some time leads to its surna… Maggots were reared on an artificial diet consisting of a mixture of fish meal:yeast:agar:water of 8 g:2 g:0.2 g:30 ml, in a 22 (L) by 17.5 (W) by 2.5 (H)-cm plastic plate; the rearing methods basically followed those of Hung (1995). 3C shows the temporary rise in survivorship for C. rufifacies in the density interval between 40 and 160 larvae/60 g medium, and survivorship quickly dropped when the density increased. They pointed out that the response of Hemipyrellia ligurriens to larval competition was clearly of the second type. W.A.C. In addition, C. megacephala usually has a larger body size and better moving and climbing abilities. Orsi K. As Ullyett (1950) mentioned, a fly of smaller growth weight required a smaller quantity of food for full development; its more rapid and earlier development on carrion has a distinct advantage over other species in the acquisition of food. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. All three of these values variables, fecu… Larva: Fully mature third instar muscoid-shaped (11 mm length), composed of 12 segments with pointed anterior and blunt posterior end (Fig. The mixture of the artificial diet and larval products (fecal material) was collected to test its effects on the movement orientation of larvae of both species. 5 (in which the competition intensities are represented by the numbers of the opposite species, and 10, 20, and 30 were the numbers of the opposite species in the treatments with 40 larvae in total). Except at 16°C, interspecific competition caused significant reductions in both the larval developmental duration and adult dry weight at different temperatures (Table 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.01.068. However, the adult dry weight did not seem to change very much under moderate temperature conditions (23 and 28°C) and was only significantly reduced (≈20%) at extremely high temperatures (33 and 38°C). Our results also showed there were significant interactions between intraspecific competition and the density factor. Pure, single-species culture; mixed, mixed-species culture. The ecological role of C. rufifacies was reviewed and discussed by Baumgartner (1993); in terms of carrion insect succession, C. rufifacies is generally regarded as a secondary carrion fly, but in southern Queensland, Australia (O’Flynn and Moorhouse 1979), and Hawaii (Goff et al. Larval developmental time and adult dry weight of C. rufifacies in single- (pure) and mixed-species (mixed) cultures at different temperatures (all at a density of 40 larvae/60 g medium)a. Under our mixed-specific rearing, the larval developmental rate, adult dry weight, and larval survivorship of C. rufifacies significantly changed (Fig. However, in our studies, interspecific competition generally caused reduced larval duration, adult dry weight, and survivorship in both species, and thereby reductions in the overall fitness of both species (see Fig. The acid value of the CMLO was tested to be 1.10 mg KOH/g. The optimized conditions included a 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1.6% KOH catalyst, a reaction temperature of 55 °C and a reaction time of 30 min. Larvae of the latter can prey on other maggots, including that … The immature stages of the Old-World screw-worm fly, Competition and disturbance in communities of carrion-breeding Diptera, Dispersal and predation behavior in larvae of, Variation in the life-history parameters of, Arthropod succession in exposed carrion in a tropical rainforest on O’ahu Island, Hawaii, Competition for food and allied phenomena in sheep-blowfly populations. Extreme similarity of this species to Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), a species usually found concurrently inhabiting decomposing human corpses in Thailand, is seen only in the first-instar larvae. L. A. The developmental period of C. megacephala from egg col-lection until peak feeding the third instar was 92h in both study replicates. The larva stage includes a first, second, and third instar, or growth period within the larva stage. Oil was extracted from the CML raised by feeding on restaurant garbage for five days. 3A and B). The results indicated that a temporary competitive advantage could only be obtained by C. rufifacies under a proper larval density. In this context, a report for the first time for C. megacephala (sdf) … Chrysomya megacephala(oriental latrine fly), a member of Chrysomya (Insect, Diptera, Calliphoridae), is widely distributed in the United States, Australia, Argentina, Europe, and Asia –. Methods: About 200 larvae each were reared on four different substrates, i.e. 8A), the body length of which was significantly reduced under competition stress. The "bath" was to try to remove any "odor" of the larvae in advance. Linear regressions of the adult dry weights of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies against the intensities of interspecific competition are presented in Fig. Population numbers as well as body size are greatly influenced by temperature. 1988), it is believed to be a primary species. Baits consist of approximately 300 g of fresh fish and cow’s liver in a 500-ml plastic container and were placed on the ground. This result further indicates that a temporary competitive advantage can only be obtained by C. rufifacies under a proper larval density, and there is no competitive advantage for C. rufifacies under a high larval density. . Greenberg Interspecific competition affected larval development differently at different larval stages. Xu G. Y. The oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), is a medically and forensically important blow fly species as its habit and breeding places are within or near to human settlements. They also believed that the movement of numerous mouthhooks combined with the secretions of larval salivary and proteolytic enzymes increase the efficiency of the feeding process and the rate of larval development. Although C. rufifacies could use the food resource of cannibalism, its survivorship was still low. : +86 20 84113618; fax: +86 20 84112005. Larvae of both species from those single-species cultures were reared at the respective densities of 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 600, 1,000, and 1,200 per 60 g artificial diet in plastic cups (<2-h-old newly hatched larvae were used, manually counted, and placed onto the artificial diet; five replications were performed for each density treatment). Competition intensity is another interesting issue that needs to be addressed. Until now, only a few studies related to interactions between different species of blow fly larvae have been published; including interactions between native and introduced blowflies (Wells and Greenberg 1992a, b), larval predation (Faria et al. 2004b), and larval population density (Goodbrod and Goff 1990). ► Chrysomya megacephala larvae oil as a new resource transforming to biodiesel. Forty larvae per 60 g of medium were reared under five temperature treatments. 2A). The uses of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in forensic entomology. Geographical Location Chrysomya rufifacies is found widespread throughout the southern US, including southern California, Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, and Florida. Five larvae of the same instar stage from each species were placed into a 250-ml plastic cup without food. It is famous for being used as a death investigator in forensic entomology –and as an economic insect pollinator in orchards. ► Larvae were grown up on restaurant garbage for five days then oil was extracted. Chen In this study, we introduce a potential biodiesel source: Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) larvae (CML), which are proliferative and can be fed with a variety of low cost materials, such as manure, wheat bran, rotted meat and decayed vegetation. +86 20 84112005 larva will take 86 days and pupa 85 days egg col-lection peak! 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